What Was the Name of the Last Royal Family of Russia
| House of Romanov Романовы | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Parent house | Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp (since the mid-18th century)[a] |
| Land | List
|
| Founded | February 21, 1613 |
| Founder | Michael I |
| Electric current head |
|
| Terminal ruler | Elizabeth I (agnatic line) Nicholas Two (cognatic line) |
| Titles |
|
| Deposition | 1917 (February Revolution) |
| Cadet branches | Several minor branches |
The Firm of Romanov [b] (also transcribed Romanoff; Russian: Романовы , tr. Románovy , IPA: [rɐˈmanəvɨ]) was the reigning regal house of Russia from 1613 to 1917. They achieved prominence later the Tsarina, Anastasia Romanova, was married to the Beginning Tsar of Russia, Ivan the Terrible.
The Grand Duke George Mikhailovich of Russia celebrated Russia's first purple wedding in over 104 years in 2021, post-obit Russia's Russian revolution that concluded in 1923. [1]
The house became boyars (the highest rank in Russian nobility) of the Yard Duchy of Moscow and later on of the Tsardom of Russian federation nether the reigning Rurik dynasty, which became extinct upon the expiry of Tsar Feodor I in 1598. The Time of Troubles, acquired by the resulting succession crunch, saw several pretenders and imposters (Simulated Dmitris) fight for the crown during the Smoothen–Muscovite War of 1605–1618. On 21 February 1613, a Zemsky Sobor elected Michael Romanov as Tsar of Russia, establishing the Romanovs as Russia'southward second reigning dynasty. Michael's grandson Peter I, who established the Russian Empire in 1721, transformed the country into a great ability through a series of wars and reforms. The directly male person line of the Romanovs concluded when Empress Elizabeth of Russia died in 1762, thus the Firm of Holstein-Gottorp (a cadet co-operative of the High german House of Oldenburg that reigned in Kingdom of denmark) ascended to the throne in the person of Peter 3.[2] Officially known every bit members of the Business firm of Romanov, descendants later Elizabeth are sometimes referred to as "Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov".[3] The abdication of Emperor Nicholas II on xv March [O.Due south. 2 March] 1917 equally a result of the February Revolution ended 304 years of Romanov rule and led to the establishing of the Russian Republic under the Russian Provisional Government in the pb-upwards to the Russian Ceremonious War of 1917–1922. In 1918 Bolshevik officials executed the ex-Emperor and his family unit. Of the House of Romanov'south 65 members, 47 survivors went into exile away.[4]
In 1924, Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich, the senior surviving male-line descendant of Alexander II of Russia by primogeniture, claimed the headship of the defunct Majestic House of Russia. Since 1991 the succession to the sometime Russian throne has been in dispute (largely due to disagreements over the validity of dynasts' marriages), especially between the lines of Thou Duchess Maria Vladimirovna of Russia (born 1953), Prince Andrei Alexandrovich of Russia (1897–1981), and Prince Nicholas Romanovich Romanov (1922–2014). As Nicholas lacked male heirs, his merits later inherited by his but brother Prince Dimitri Romanov (1926–2016) who died childless, then his cousin, Prince Andrew Romanov (1923–2021).
Surname usage [edit]
Legally, it remains unclear whether whatsoever ukase ever abolished the surname of Michael Romanov (or of his subsequent male-line descendants) after his accession to the Russian throne in 1613, although by tradition members of reigning dynasties seldom apply surnames, being known instead by dynastic titles ("Tsarevich Ivan Alexeevich", "Yard Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich", etc.). From January 1762 [O.S. December 1761], the monarchs of the Russian Empire claimed the throne as relatives of Grand Duchess Anna Petrovna of Russia (1708–1728), who had married Charles Frederick, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp. Thus they were no longer Romanovs past patrilineage, belonging instead to the Holstein-Gottorp cadet co-operative of the German House of Oldenburg that reigned in Denmark. The 1944 edition of the Almanach de Gotha records the proper name of Russia'south ruling dynasty from the time of Peter III (reigned 1761–1762) every bit "Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov".[5] However, the terms "Romanov" and "Business firm of Romanov" often occurred in official references to the Russian regal family unit. The coat-of-arms of the Romanov boyars was included in legislation on the royal dynasty,[6] and in a 1913 jubilee, Russia officially celebrated the "300th Anniversary of the Romanovs' rule".[7]
Afterward the February Revolution of March 1917, a special decree of the Provisional Regime of Russia granted all members of the imperial family the surname "Romanov".[ citation needed ] The merely exceptions, the morganatic descendants of the Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich (1891–1942), took (in exile) the surname Ilyinsky.[5] [8]
House of Romanov [edit]
Silver coin: 1 ruble Nikolai II_Romanov Dynasty – 1913 – On the obverse of the money features two rulers: left Emperor Nikolas Two in military uniform of the life guards of the 4th infantry regiment of the Regal family, right Michael I in Royal robes and Monomakh's Cap. Portraits made in a circular frame around of a Greek ornament.
The Romanovs share their origin with two dozen other Russian noble families. Their earliest common ancestor is one Andrei Kobyla, attested around 1347 as a boyar in the service of Semyon I of Moscow.[5] Later generations assigned to Kobyla an illustrious pedigree. An 18th-century genealogy claimed that he was the son of the One-time Prussian prince Glanda Kambila, who came to Russian federation in the second half of the 13th century, fleeing the invading Germans. Indeed, one of the leaders of the Old Prussian rebellion of 1260–1274 against the Teutonic gild was named Glande. This legendary version of the Romanov's origin is contested by another version of their descent from a boyar family from Novgorod.[9]
His actual origin may take been less spectacular. Non but is Kobyla Russian for "mare", some of his relatives also had as nicknames the terms for horses and other domestic animals, thus suggesting descent from one of the royal equerries.[ commendation needed ] One of Kobyla's sons, Feodor, a member of the boyar Duma of Dmitri Donskoi, was nicknamed Koshka ("cat"). His descendants took the surname Koshkin, so changed it to Zakharin, which family afterwards split into two branches: Zakharin-Yakovlev and Zakharin-Yuriev.[v] During the reign of Ivan the Terrible, the erstwhile family became known as Yakovlev (Alexander Herzen amongst them), whereas grandchildren of Roman Yurievich Zakharyin-Yuriev inverse their name to "Romanov".[5]
Feodor Nikitich Romanov was descended from the Rurik dynasty through the female person line. His mother, Evdokiya Gorbataya-Shuyskaya, was a Rurikid princess from the Shuysky co-operative, daughter of Alexander Gorbatyi-Shuisky.
Rise to power [edit]
The family unit fortunes soared when Roman's daughter, Anastasia Zakharyina, married Ivan IV (the Terrible), the Rurikid Chiliad Prince of Moscow, on 3 (thirteen) February 1547.[2] Since her husband had assumed the title of tsar, which literally means "Caesar", on sixteen January 1547, she was crowned the very first tsaritsa of Russia. Her mysterious death in 1560 changed Ivan's character for the worse. Suspecting the boyars of having poisoned his dearest, Tsar Ivan started a reign of terror against them. Among his children by Anastasia, the elder (Ivan) was murdered by the tsar in a quarrel; the younger Feodor, a pious merely lethargic prince, inherited the throne upon his father'due south death in 1584.
A crowd at the Ipatiev Monastery imploring Mikhail Romanov'south mother to let him go to Moscow and become their tsar (Illumination from a volume dated 1673).
Throughout Feodor's reign (1584–1598), the Tsar's blood brother-in-constabulary, Boris Godunov, and his Romanov cousins contested the de facto rule of Russia. Upon the expiry of childless Feodor, the 700-twelvemonth-former line of Rurikids came to an end. Subsequently a long struggle, the party of Boris Godunov prevailed over the Romanovs, and the Zemsky sobor elected Godunov equally tsar in 1598. Godunov's revenge on the Romanovs was terrible: all the family and its relations were deported to remote corners of the Russian North and Urals, where most of them died of hunger or in chains. The family's leader, Feodor Nikitich Romanov, was exiled to the Antoniev Siysky Monastery and forced to take monastic vows with the name Filaret.
The Romanovs' fortunes again changed dramatically with the autumn of the Godunov dynasty in June 1605. As a former leader of the anti-Godunov party and cousin of the final legitimate tsar, Filaret Romanov's recognition was sought by several impostors who attempted to claim the Rurikid legacy and throne during the Time of Troubles. Simulated Dmitriy I made him a metropolitan, and Faux Dmitriy Ii raised him to the dignity of patriarch. Upon the expulsion of the Polish army from Moscow in 1612, the Zemsky Sobor offered the Russian crown to several Rurikid and Gediminian princes, just all declined the laurels.[5]
On existence offered the Russian crown, Filaret'due south 16-twelvemonth-old son Mikhail Romanov, so living at the Ipatiev Monastery of Kostroma, burst into tears of fear and despair. He was finally persuaded to have the throne by his mother Kseniya Ivanovna Shestova, who blessed him with the holy paradigm of Our Lady of St. Theodore. Feeling how insecure his throne was, Mikhail attempted to emphasize his ties with the last Rurikid tsars[ten] and sought advice from the Zemsky Sobor on every of import issue. This strategy proved successful. The early Romanovs were by and large accepted by the population as in-laws of Ivan the Terrible and viewed every bit innocent martyrs of Godunov's wrath.[ citation needed ]
Dynastic crunch [edit]
Mikhail was succeeded by his just son Alexei, who steered the state quietly through numerous troubles. Upon Alexei's death, there was a catamenia of dynastic struggle betwixt his children by his first married woman Maria Ilyinichna Miloslavskaya (Feodor Three, Sofia Alexeyevna, Ivan V) and his son past his second wife Nataliya Kyrillovna Naryshkina, the future Peter the Great. Peter ruled from 1682 until his death in 1725.[2] In numerous successful wars he expanded the tsardom into a huge empire that became a major European power. He led a cultural revolution that replaced some of the traditionalist and medieval social and political arrangement with a modern, scientific, Europe-oriented, and rationalist arrangement.[xi]
New dynastic struggles followed the death of Peter. His only son to survive into adulthood, Tsarevich Alexei, did non support Peter's modernization of Russian federation. He had previously been arrested and died in prison shortly thereafter. Near the end of his life, Peter managed to alter the succession tradition of male heirs, allowing him to cull his heir. Ability and so passed into the hands of his second wife, Empress Catherine, who ruled until her death in 1727.[2] Peter II, the son of Tsarevich Alexei, took the throne but died in 1730, catastrophe the Romanov male line.[five] He was succeeded by Anna I, daughter of Peter the Dandy's one-half-blood brother and co-ruler, Ivan Five. Before she died in 1740 the empress declared that her grandnephew, Ivan VI, should succeed her. This was an endeavour to secure the line of her father, while excluding descendants of Peter the Dandy from inheriting the throne. Ivan VI was only a one-yr-onetime infant at the time of his succession to the throne, and his parents, G Duchess Anna Leopoldovna and Duke Anthony Ulrich of Brunswick, the ruling regent, were detested for their German counselors and relations. Equally a consequence, before long after Empress Anna's expiry, Elizabeth Petrovna, a legitimized daughter of Peter I, managed to gain the favor of the populace and dethroned Ivan VI in a insurrection d'état, supported past the Preobrazhensky Regiment and the ambassadors of French republic and Sweden. Ivan Six and his parents died in prison house many years later.
Firm of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov [edit]
Artillery of the House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov
The Holstein-Gottorps of Russian federation retained the Romanov surname, emphasizing their matrilineal descent from Peter the Great, through Anna Petrovna (Peter I'due south elder girl by his second wife).[5] In 1742, Empress Elizabeth of Russia brought Anna'southward son, her nephew Peter of Holstein-Gottorp, to Petrograd and proclaimed him her heir. In fourth dimension, she married him off to a German princess, Sophia of Anhalt-Zerbst.[2] In 1762, presently later on the expiry of Empress Elizabeth, Sophia, who had taken the Russian name Catherine upon her wedlock, overthrew her unpopular hubby, with the aid of her lover, Grigory Orlov. She reigned as Catherine the Bully. Catherine's son, Paul I, who succeeded his mother in 1796,[2] was especially proud to be a not bad-grandson of Peter the Groovy, although his mother's memoirs arguably insinuate that Paul's natural begetter was, in fact, her lover Serge Saltykov, rather than her husband, Peter. Painfully aware of the hazards resulting from battles of succession, Paul decreed house laws for the Romanovs – the and so-chosen Pauline laws, among the strictest in Europe – which established semi-Salic primogeniture as the dominion of succession to the throne, requiring Orthodox faith for the monarch and dynasts, and for the consorts of the monarchs and their near heirs. Later, Alexander I, responding to the 1820 morganatic marriage of his brother and heir,[2] added the requirement that consorts of all Russian dynasts in the male person line had to be of equal birth (i.due east., built-in to a regal or sovereign dynasty).
Age of Autocracy [edit]
Paul I was murdered in his palace in Petrograd in 1801. Alexander I succeeded him on the throne and subsequently died without leaving a son. His brother, crowned Nicholas I, succeeded him on the throne.[5] The succession was far from smooth, however, as hundreds of troops took the adjuration of allegiance to Nicholas's elderberry brother, Constantine Pavlovich who, unbeknownst to them, had renounced his claim to the throne in 1822, post-obit his matrimony. The confusion, combined with opposition to Nicholas' accession, led to the Decembrist revolt.[two] Nicholas I fathered four sons, educating them for the prospect of ruling Russian federation and for military careers, from whom the terminal branches of the dynasty descended.
Alexander II, son of Nicholas I, became the adjacent Russian emperor in 1855, in the midst of the Crimean War. While Alexander considered information technology his accuse to maintain peace in Europe and Russia, he believed only a strong Russian military machine could continue the peace. By developing the army, giving some freedom to Finland, and freeing the serfs in 1861 he gained much popular support.
Despite his popularity, all the same, his family life began to unravel past the mid 1860s. In 1864, his eldest son, and heir, Tsarevich Nicholas, died suddenly. His wife, Empress Maria Alexandrovna, who suffered from tuberculosis, spent much of her time abroad. Alexander eventually turned to a mistress, Princess Catherine Dolgoruki. Immediately following the death of his wife in 1880 he contracted a morganatic spousal relationship with Dolgoruki.[5] His legitimization of their children, and rumors that he was contemplating crowning his new wife as empress, caused tension within the dynasty. In particular, the thou duchesses were scandalized at the prospect of deferring to a woman who had borne Alexander several children during his wife'due south lifetime. Before Princess Catherine could be elevated in rank, however, on xiii March 1881 Alexander was assassinated by a hand-made bomb hurled by Ignacy Hryniewiecki. Slavic patriotism, cultural revival, and Panslavist ideas grew in importance in the latter one-half of this century, evoking expectations of a more Russian than cosmopolitan dynasty. Several marriages were contracted with members of other reigning Slavic or Orthodox dynasties (Greece, Montenegro, Serbia).[5] In the early 20th century two Romanov princesses were allowed to marry Russian high noblemen – whereas until the 1850s, practically all marriages had been with German princelings.[5]
A gathering of members of the Romanov family in 1892, at the summer military manoeuvres in Krasnoye Selo.
Alexander II was succeeded past his son Alexander 3. This tsar, the second-to-terminal Romanov emperor, was responsible for conservative reforms in Russia. Not expected to inherit the throne, he was educated in matters of state merely after the death of his older blood brother, Nicholas. Lack of diplomatic training may have influenced his politics every bit well as those of his son, Nicholas 2. Alexander Iii was physically impressive, being not only tall (i.93 one thousand or half dozen'4", according to some sources), but of large physique and considerable strength. His bristles hearkened back to the likeness of tsars of old, contributing to an aura of short authority, awe-inspiring to some, alienating to others. Alexander, fearful of the fate which had befallen his father, strengthened autocratic rule in Russian federation. Some of the reforms the more liberal Alexander II had pushed through were reversed.
Alexander had inherited not only his dead brother'south position as Tsesarevich, but as well his brother's Danish fiancée, Princess Dagmar. Taking the proper name Maria Fyodorovna upon her conversion to Orthodoxy, she was the girl of King Christian Ix and the sister of the future kings Frederik Eight of Denmark and George I of Hellenic republic, as well as of U.k.'southward Queen Alexandra, consort of Edward Seven.[2] Despite contrasting natures and backgrounds, the marriage was considered harmonious, producing six children and acquiring for Alexander the reputation of beingness the outset tsar not known to have mistresses.
His eldest son, Nicholas, became emperor upon Alexander 3'south decease due to kidney illness at historic period 49 in November 1894. Nicholas reputedly said, "I am not gear up to exist tsar...." Just a week afterward the funeral, Nicholas married his fiancée, Alix of Hesse-Darmstadt, a favorite grandchild of Queen Victoria of the Great britain. Though a kind-hearted man, he tended to leave intact his father's harsh policies. For her office the shy Alix, who took the name Alexandra Fyodorovna, became a devout convert to Orthodoxy as well as a devoted wife to Nicholas and mother to their five children, yet avoided many of the social duties traditional for Russian federation's tsarinas.[2] Seen as distant and astringent, unfavorable comparisons were drawn between her and her pop mother-in-law, Maria Fyodorovna.[2] When, in September 1915, Nicholas took command of the regular army at the front end lines during World War I, Alexandra sought to influence him toward an disciplinarian approach in government affairs even more than she had washed during peacetime. His well-known devotion to her injured both his and the dynasty's reputation during World War I, due to both to her German origin and her unique human relationship with Rasputin, whose role in the life of her only son was not widely known. Alexandra was a carrier of the gene for haemophilia, inherited from her maternal grandmother, Queen Victoria.[2] Her son, Alexei, the long-awaited heir to the throne, inherited the affliction and suffered disturbing bouts of protracted bleeding, the pain of which was sometimes partially alleviated past Rasputin'southward ministrations. Nicholas and Alexandra also had 4 daughters: the Chiliad Duchesses Olga, Tatiana, Maria and Anastasia.[2]
The six crowned representatives of the Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov line were: Paul (1796–1801), Alexander I (1801–1825), Nicholas I (1825–1855), Alexander II (1855–1881), Alexander III (1881–1894), and Nicholas II (1894–1917).[five]
Constantine Pavlovich and Michael Alexandrovich, both morganatically married, are occasionally counted among Russian federation's emperors by historians who observe that the Russian monarchy did not legally permit interregnums. Merely neither was crowned and both actively declined the throne.
Gallery [edit]
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Throne of the Tsar, the Empress and the Tsarevich in the Grand Kremlin Palace
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Downfall [edit]
The February Revolution of 1917 resulted in the abdication of Nicholas II in favor of his brother Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich.[ii] The latter declined to accept regal authority save to delegate it to the Provisional Government pending a future democratic plebiscite, finer terminating the Romanov dynasty'due south rule over Russian federation.
Afterwards the Feb Revolution, Nicholas 2 and his family were placed under house arrest in the Alexander Palace. While several members of the imperial family managed to stay on good terms with the Provisional Government, and were somewhen able to leave Russia, Nicholas 2 and his family were sent into exile in the Siberian town of Tobolsk by Alexander Kerensky in Baronial 1917. In the October Revolution of 1917 the Bolsheviks ousted the Provisional government. In April 1918 the Romanovs were moved to the Russian town of Yekaterinburg, in the Urals, where they were placed in the Ipatiev House. Hither on the night of xvi–17 July 1918 the unabridged Russian Imperial Romanov family forth with several of their retainers were executed by Bolshevik revolutionaries, virtually likely on the orders of Vladimir Lenin.
Contemporary Romanovs [edit]
There accept been numerous post-Revolution reports of Romanov survivors and unsubstantiated claims by individuals to be members of the deposed Tsar Nicholas II'south family unit, the all-time known of whom was Anna Anderson. Proven research has, nevertheless, confirmed that all of the Romanovs held prisoners within the Ipatiev Business firm in Ekaterinburg were killed.[12] [13]
Thousand Knuckles Kirill Vladimirovich, a male-line grandson of Tsar Alexander Two, claimed the headship of the deposed Regal Firm of Russia, and assumed, as pretender, the championship "Emperor and Autocrat of all the Russias" in 1924 when the evidence appeared conclusive that all Romanovs higher in the line of succession had been killed. Kirill was followed by his just son Vladimir Kirillovich.[2] Vladimir's only kid, Maria Vladimirovna (born 1953), claims to have succeeded her father. The but son of her marriage with Prince Franz Wilhelm of Prussia, George Mikhailovich, is her heir apparent. The Romanov Family Clan (RFA) formed in 1979, a private system of most of the male-line descendants of Emperor Paul I of Russia (other than Vladimir Kirillovich, Maria Vladimirovna and her son) acknowledges the dynastic claims to the throne of no pretender, and is officially committed to support only that course of government chosen by the Russian nation.[fourteen]
Execution of Tsar and family [edit]
Ipatiev Firm, Yekaterinburg, (subsequently Sverdlovsk) in 1928
Late on the nighttime of July xvi, Nicholas, Alexandra, their five children and four servants were ordered to dress quickly and become down to the cellar of the house in which they were being held. There, the family and servants were arranged in ii rows for a photo they were told was being taken to quell rumors that they had escaped. All of a sudden, a dozen armed men burst into the room and gunned down the royal family in a hail of gunfire. Those who were notwithstanding animate when the smoke cleared were stabbed to death.
The remains of Nicholas, Alexandra and three of their children were excavated in a forest near Yekaterinburg in 1991 and positively identified two years subsequently using DNA fingerprinting. The Crown Prince Alexei and one Romanov daughter were not deemed for, fueling the persistent legend that Anastasia, the youngest Romanov daughter, had survived the execution of her family. Of the several "Anastasias" that surfaced in Europe in the decade later the Russian Revolution, Anna Anderson, who died in the Usa in 1984, was the most convincing. In 1994, however, scientists used DNA to show that Anna Anderson was not the tsar'southward daughter merely a Polish woman named Franziska Schanzkowska.[15]
Initially the gunmen shot at Nicholas, who immediately fell dead from multiple bullet wounds. And so the dark room filled with smoke and dust from the spray of bullets, and the gunmen shot blindly, often hitting the ceiling and walls, creating yet more dust. Alexandra was before long shot in the head by military machine commissar Petar Ermakov, and killed, and some of the gunmen themselves became injured. It was not until after the room had been cleared of smoke that the shooters re-entered to notice the remaining Purple family still alive and uninjured. Maria tried to escape through the doors at the rear of the room, which led to a storage area, but the doors were nailed shut. The noise as she rattled the doors attracted the attending of Ermakov. Some of the family were shot in the head, but several of the others, including the young and delicate Tsarevich, would not die either from multiple close-range bullet wounds or bayonet stabs. Finally, each was shot in the caput. Even so, two of the girls were yet alive 10 minutes later on, and had to be bludgeoned with the butt of a burglarize to finally be killed. Later on it was discovered that the bullets and bayonet stabs had been partially blocked by diamonds that had been sewn into the children'southward clothing.[ citation needed ] The bodies of the Romanovs were then hidden and moved several times before existence interred in an unmarked pit where they remained until the summertime of 1979 when amateur enthusiasts disinterred and re-buried some of them, and so decided to conceal the find until the autumn of communism. In 1991 the grave site was excavated and the bodies were given a state funeral under the nascent commonwealth of mail service-Soviet Russian federation, and several years later DNA and other forensic evidence was used past Russian and international scientists to make genuine identifications.[ citation needed ]
The Ipatiev Firm has the same name as the Ipatiev Monastery in Kostroma, where Mikhail Romanov had been offered the Russian Crown in 1613. The big memorial church "on the blood" has been built on the spot where the Ipatiev House in one case stood.
Nicholas II and his family unit were proclaimed passion-bearers by the Russian Orthodox Church building in 2000. In Orthodoxy, a passion-bearer is a saint who was not killed because of his organized religion, like a martyr; simply who died in faith at the hand of murderers.
Remains of the Tsar [edit]
In July 1991, the crushed bodies of Nicholas Ii and his wife, along with three of their five children and 4 of their servants, were exhumed (although some[ who? ] questioned the authenticity of these basic despite DNA testing). Because two bodies were not present, many people[ who? ] believed that 2 Romanov children escaped the killings. There was much argue as to which 2 children's bodies were missing. A Russian scientist fabricated photographic superimpositions and adamant that Maria and Alexei were not accounted for. Afterwards, an American scientist ended from dental, vertebral, and other remnants that it was Anastasia and Alexei who were missing. Much mystery has ever surrounded Anastasia's fate. Several films have been produced suggesting that she lived on. This has since been disproved with the discovery of the final Romanov children's remains and extensive DNA testing, which connected those remains to the Dna of Nicholas II, his wife, and the other iii children.[ commendation needed ]
After the bodies were exhumed in June 1991, they remained in laboratories until 1998, while there was a debate as to whether they should exist reburied in Yekaterinburg or St. Petersburg. A commission somewhen chose St. Petersburg. The remains were transferred with full military honor guard and accompanied by members of the Romanov family from Yekaterinburg to St. Petersburg. In St. Petersburg the remains of the imperial family were moved by a formal war machine award baby-sit cortege from the airdrome to the Sts. Peter and Paul Fortress where they (forth with several loyal servants who were killed with them) were interred in a special chapel in the Peter and Paul Cathedral near the tombs of their ancestors. President Boris Yeltsin attended the interment service on behalf of the Russian people.
In mid-2007, a Russian archaeologist announced a discovery by one of his workers. The earthworks uncovered the following items in the 2 pits which formed a "T":
- remains of 46 human bone fragments;
- bullet jackets from brusque butt guns/pistols;
- wooden boxes which had deteriorated into fragments;
- pieces of ceramic which appear to be amphoras which were used equally containers for acid;
- atomic number 26 nails;
- atomic number 26 angles;
- seven fragments of teeth;
- fragment of fabric of a garment.
The surface area where the remains were plant was almost the erstwhile Koptyaki Road, under what appeared to be double bonfire sites nearly 70 metres (230 ft) from the mass grave in Pigs Meadow near Yekaterinburg. The full general directions were described in Yurovsky's memoirs, owned by his son, although no one is sure who wrote the notes on the page. The archaeologists said the basic are from a boy who was roughly between the ages of x and xiii years at the time of his death and of a young woman who was roughly between the ages of 18 and 23 years old. Anastasia was 17 years, one month old at the time of the murder, while Maria was 19 years, 1 month old. Alexei would have been 14 in two weeks' fourth dimension. Alexei's elder sisters Olga and Tatiana were 22 and 21 years old at the time of the murder respectively. The basic were establish using metal detectors and metal rods as probes. Also, striped material was found that appeared to take been from a blue-and-white striped cloth; Alexei unremarkably wore a bluish-and-white striped undershirt.
On 30 April 2008, Russian forensic scientists announced that Dna testing proves that the remains vest to the Tsarevich Alexei and his sister Maria. Dna information, fabricated public in July 2008, that has been obtained from Ekaterinburg and repeatedly field of study to independent testing by laboratories such every bit the University of Massachusetts Medical School, US, and reveals that the concluding two missing Romanov remains are indeed accurate and that the entire Romanov family unit housed in the Ipatiev House, Yekaterinburg were executed in the early hours of 17 July 1918. In March 2009, results of the DNA testing were published, confirming that the ii bodies discovered in 2007 were those of Tsarevich Alexei and Maria.
Research on mitochondrial Deoxyribonucleic acid (mtDNA) was conducted in the American AFDIL and in European GMI laboratories. In comparing with the previous analyses mtDNA in the area of Alexandra Fyodorovna, positions 16519C, 524.1A and 524.2C were added. The mtDNA of Prince Philip, Knuckles of Edinburgh, a bully-nephew of the last Tsarina, was used by forensic scientists to identify her trunk and those of her children.[16] [17]
Killing of other Romanovs [edit]
On 18 July 1918, the day after the killing at Yekaterinburg of the tsar and his family unit, members of the extended Russian imperial family met a brutal death past being killed about Alapayevsk past Bolsheviks. They included: Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich of Russia, Prince Ioann Konstantinovich of Russia, Prince Konstantin Konstantinovich of Russian federation, Prince Igor Konstantinovich of Russia and Prince Vladimir Pavlovich Paley, Thousand Duke Sergei'due south secretary Varvara Yakovleva, and Thou Duchess Elisabeth Fyodorovna, a granddaughter of Queen Victoria and elder sister of Tsarina Alexandra. Following the 1905 assassination of her husband, Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich, Elisabeth Fyodorovna had ceased living equally a member of the Majestic family and took upward life as a serving nun, but was even so arrested and slated for death with other Romanovs.[18] They were thrown downward a mine shaft into which explosives were then dropped, all being left to die there slowly.[19]
Mine shaft in Alapaevsk where remains of the Romanovs killed at that place were constitute
The bodies were recovered from the mine by the White Regular army in 1918, who arrived besides late to rescue them. Their remains were placed in coffins and moved effectually Russia during struggles betwixt the White and the opposing Ruddy Army. By 1920 the coffins were interred in a sometime Russian mission in Beijing, at present beneath a parking surface area. In 1981 Grand Duchess Elisabeth was canonized past the Russian Orthodox Church building Outside of Russia, and in 1992 by the Moscow Patriarchate. In 2006 representatives of the Romanov family were making plans to re-inter the remains elsewhere.[20] The town became a place of pilgrimage to the memory of Elisabeth Fyodorovna, whose remains were eventually re-interred in Jerusalem.
On xiii June 1918, Bolshevik revolutionary regime killed Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia and Nicholas Johnson (Michael's secretary) in Perm.
In January 1919 revolutionary government killed One thousand Dukes Dmitry Konstantinovich, Nikolai Mikhailovich, Paul Alexandrovich and George Mikhailovich, who had been held in the prison of the Saint Peter and Paul Fortress in Saint petersburg.
Exiles [edit]
Dowager Empress Maria Fyodorovna [edit]
In 1919, Maria Fyodorovna, widow of Alexander III, and mother of Nicholas 2, managed to escape Russia aboard HMSMarlborough, which her nephew, King George V of the Uk, had sent, at the urging of his own mother, Queen Alexandra, Maria'southward elder sister, to rescue her. Later a stay in England with Queen Alexandra, she returned to her native Denmark, first living at Amalienborg Palace, with her nephew, Male monarch Christian X, and after, at Villa Hvidøre. Upon her death in 1928 her coffin was placed in the catacomb of Roskilde Cathedral, the burial site of members of the Danish Royal Family.
In 2006, the coffin with her remains was moved to the Sts. Peter and Paul Fortress, to be buried beside that of her husband. The transfer of her remains was accompanied by an elaborate ceremony at Saint Isaac's Cathedral officiated by the Patriarch Alexis II. Descendants and relatives of the Dowager Empress attended, including her smashing-grandson Prince Michael Andreevich, Princess Catherine Ioannovna of Russia, the final living member of the Imperial Family built-in before the fall of the dynasty,[21] and Prince Dmitri and Prince Nicholas Romanov.
Other exiles [edit]
Amidst the other exiles who managed to go out Russia, were Maria Fyodorovna's two daughters, the Grand Duchesses Xenia Alexandrovna and Olga Alexandrovna, with their husbands, Grand Knuckles Alexander Mikhailovich and Nikolai Kulikovsky, respectively, and their children, besides as the spouses of Xenia'due south elder two children and her granddaughter. Xenia remained in England, following her mother'south return to Denmark, although subsequently their mother's death Olga moved to Canada with her husband,[22] both sisters dying in 1960. Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna, widow of Nicholas 2'south uncle, Grand Duke Vladimir, and her children the Grand Dukes Kiril, Boris and Andrei, and their sister Elena, besides managed to flee Russia. G Duke Dmitri Pavlovich, a cousin of Nicholas II, had been exiled to the Caucasus in 1916 for his part in the murder of Grigori Rasputin, and managed to escape Russia. Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaievich, who had commanded Russian troops during World State of war I prior to Nicholas II taking control, along with his blood brother, One thousand Duke Peter, and their wives, 1000 Duchesses Anastasia and Militza, who were sisters, and Peter's children, son-in-police force, and granddaughter also fled the state.
Elizaveta Mavrikievna, widow of Konstantin Konstantinovich, escaped with her daughter Vera Konstantinovna and her son Georgii Konstantinovich, also equally her grandson Prince Vsevolod Ivanovich and her granddaughter Princess Catherine Ivanovna to Sweden. Her other daughter, Tatiana Konstantinovna, also escaped with her children Natasha and Teymuraz, as well as her uncle'southward aide-de-campsite Alexander Korochenzov. They fled to Romania and then Switzerland. Gavriil Konstantinovich was imprisoned earlier fleeing to Paris.
Ioann Konstantinovich's wife, Elena Petrovna, was imprisoned in Alapayevsk and Perm, before escaping to Sweden and Squeamish, France.
Pretenders [edit]
Since 1991, the succession to the former Russian throne has been in dispute, largely due to disagreements over the validity of dynasts' marriages.
Yard Duchess Maria Vladimirovna of Russia claims to hold the title of empress in pretense with her only child, George Mikhailovich, equally heir credible.
Others have argued in support of the rights of the late Prince Nicholas Romanov, whose brother Prince Dimitri Romanov was the next male heir of his branch after whom it was passed to Prince Andrew Romanov and then to his son Prince Alexis Romanoff.
In 2014, a micronation calling itself the Royal Throne, founded in 2011 by Monarchist Party leader Anton Bakov, announced Prince Karl Emich of Leiningen, a Romanov descendant that withal originated from Maria's branch, as its sovereign. In 2017, it renamed itself equally "Romanov Empire".
Romanov family jewelry [edit]
The collection of jewels and jewelry collected by the Romanov family during their reign are usually referred to as the "Russian Crown Jewels"[23] and they include official state regalia as well as personal pieces of jewelry worn by Romanov rulers and their family. After the Tsar was deposed and his family murdered, their jewels and jewelry became the property of the new Soviet government.[24] A select number of pieces from the collection were sold at auction by Christie's in London in March 1927.[25] The remaining drove is on view today in the Kremlin Armoury in Moscow.[26]
On 28 August 2009, a Swedish public news outlet reported that a drove of over 60 jewel-covered cigarette cases and cufflinks owned past Chiliad Duchess Vladimir had been found in the archives of the Swedish Ministry building for Foreign Affairs, and was returned to the descendants of Thousand Duchess Vladimir. The jewelry was allegedly turned over to the Swedish diplomatic mission in St. Petersburg in November 1918 by Duchess Marie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin to keep information technology rubber. The value of the jewelry has been estimated at 20 million Swedish krona (virtually 2.6 1000000 The states dollars).[27]
Heraldry [edit]
Smaller glaze of arms (elements) [edit]
The centerpiece is the coat of artillery of Moscow that contains the iconic Saint George the Dragon-slayer with a blue greatcoat (cloak) attacking golden ophidian on red field.
The wings of double-headed eagle contain coat of arms of following lands:
- Correct fly
- Tsardom of Kazan, the coat of arms of Kazan that contains black crowned Zilant with red tongue, wings and tail on white field.
- Tsardom of Poland, the glaze of arms of Poland that contains a crowned white eagle on a cerise field.
Tsardom of Tauric Chersoneses
- Tsardom of Tauric Chersoneses, the coat of arms of Byzantine Crimea that contains blackness crowned double-headed hawkeye on golden field, which has a smaller glaze of arms with triple crossbeam cross on blue field.
Combined coat of arms for Kiev, Vladimir, Novgorod
- Grand Duchies of Kiev, Vladimir, and Novgorod, the combined coat of artillery of three one thousand duchies:
- Thou Duchy of Kiev, the coat of arms of Kiev that contains armed archangel (archistrategos) Michael in white on bluish field.
- Thousand Duchy of Vladimir, the coat of artillery of Vladimir that contains golden crowned leopard holding a cross on cherry-red field.
- Commonwealth of Novgorod, the coat of arms of Novgorod that contains two blackness bears holding onto a throne on which crossed stand up scepter and cross located under triple candlestick (trikirion) on silver field and 2 silver fishes on blue field.
- Left fly
- Tsardom of Astrakhan, the coat of arms of Astrakhan that contains v arches golden crown over silver scimitar on blue field.
- Tsardom of Siberia, the coat of arms of Siberia that contains two blackness sables who concord a crown and a red bow with ii crossed arrows pointed downwards on ermine field.
- Tsardom of Georgia, the Coat of arms of Georgia that also contains the Saint George the Dragon-slayer with a crimson cape (cloak) attacking dark-green ophidian on aureate field.
- Yard Duchy of Finland, the coat of arms of Finland that contains gilded crowned lion holding straight sword and curved sabre on red field with roses.
Family unit tree [edit]
Family unit tree of the Romanov dynasty
See also [edit]
- Romanov impostors
- Ancestors of Nicholas II of Russia
- List of Grand Duchesses of Russia
- List of K Dukes of Russian federation
- List of films near the Romanovs
- The Romanovs Collect: European Art from the Hermitage (exhibition)
Notes [edit]
- ^ The Romanov descendants of Peter III descend in the male line from the House of Holstein-Gottorp, a cadet branch of the House of Oldenburg.
- ^ Pronunciation: , , , Russian: [rɐˈmanəf].
References [edit]
- ^ "GD Romanov's Royal Nuptials". punchng.com.
- ^ a b c d e f chiliad h i j k l m northward o Montgomery-Massingberd, Hugh. "Burke's Royal Families of the World: Volume I Europe & Latin America, 1977, pp. 460–476. ISBN 0-85011-023-8
- ^ "Просмотр документа – dlib.rsl.ru". rsl.ru.
- ^ Isaeva, Ksenia (25 March 2015). "Dmitri Romanov: Immigration, friendship with Coco Chanel, the Olympics". Retrieved 30 November 2016.
- ^ a b c d e f grand h i j k l chiliad Almanach de Gotha. Gotha, Deutschland: Justus Perthes. 1944. pp. 103–106.
- ^ Compare Romanov glaze-of-arms.
- ^ "Origins of Romanov surname. Russian royalists site". Archived from the original on 6 July 2013. Retrieved thirty Nov 2016.
- ^ "Romanovs lectures. The history of the Russian state and the Romanov dynasty: current problems in the written report. Kostroma. 29–30 May 2008".
- ^ Веселовский С.Б. Исследования по истории класса служилых землевладельцев. pp. 140–141.
- ^ [An ancestor of Arbiter Mikhail I was Alexander Gorbatyi-Shuisky of a Rurikid princely house]
- ^ James Cracraft, The Revolution of Peter the Slap-up (Harvard University Printing, 2003) online edition
- ^ "Deoxyribonucleic acid proves Bolsheviks killed all of Russian czar's children". CNN. 11 March 2009.
- ^ "Mystery Solved: The Identification of the Two Missing Romanov Children Using DNA Assay". 11 March 2009. doi:x.1371/journal.pone.0004838.
- ^ The Romanoff Family Association. Prince Nicholas Romanovich Romanov. The Romanoff Family Association
- ^ "Romanov family executed, ending a 300-year imperial dynasty- HISTORY". Retrieved 20 April 2021.
- ^ Ivanov PL, Wadhams MJ, Roby RK, Holland MM, Weedn VW, Parsons TJ (1996). "Mitochondrial Deoxyribonucleic acid sequence heteroplasmy in the Thousand Duke of Russia Georgij Romanov establishes the actuality of the remains of Tsar Nicholas Two". Nature Genetics. 12 (4): 417–420. doi:10.1038/ng0496-417. PMID 8630496. S2CID 287478.
- ^ [i] Archived 12 Dec 2011 at the Wayback Car
- ^ "Books: Decease at Ekaterinburg". Fourth dimension magazine. 22 April 1935. Archived from the original on 4 June 2008. Retrieved eleven April 2012.
- ^ Nicholas and Alexandra, The Last Imperial Family of Tsarist Russia, 1998, Booth-Clibborn, London
- ^ "The Representative of Romanov family in the Russian Federation does not exclude the possibility of transferring from Red china to Russian federation the remains of Alapayevsk martyrs". Orthodox News China. 23 June 2005. Retrieved 11 April 2012.
- ^ "La Embajada de la Federación de Rusia en la República Oriental del Uruguay". Retrieved thirty November 2016.
- ^ Harris, Carolyn. "From St. Petersburg to Toronto: The Life of Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna (1882–1960)". Carolyn Harris – Historian and Author . Retrieved 25 November 2015.
- ^ "The Russian Crown Jewels". 27 June 2014. Archived from the original on 27 June 2014. Retrieved nineteen January 2018.
- ^ "Russian Crown Jewels shown Goodrich Political party". The Washington Post. three July 1922. p. 4.
- ^ "Russian Jewels: Sold for 80,561 Pounds". The Scotsman. 17 March 1927. p. 9.
- ^ Kvasha, Semyon (1 May 2013). "Treasures of Purple Russia on brandish in Moscow and St. Petersburg". Retrieved nineteen September 2014.
- ^ Sveriges Radio (28 August 2009). "Russian Jewels Found at Foreign Ministry". sverigesradio.se.
External links [edit]
- Historical reconstruction serial "Romanovs" – First Channel, Star Media, Babich Blueprint (2013).
- The Russian Imperial Collection at the Library of Congress has books from the Romanov family.
- Romanov Collection. General Collection. Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University.
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Romanov
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